The appropriate GS1 identifier depends on the asset’s role, how it is managed and what information needs to be recorded over time.
For asset identification, the two main GS1 identifiers are:
GIAI : Global Individual Asset Identifier
GRAI : Global Returnable Asset Identifier
Both identifiers provide a unique asset identity. The choice depends on whether the asset is managed as an individual item or as a returnable asset that moves through a supply chain or between organisations.
Use a GIAI for individual assets
A GIAI is used to identify one specific asset and manage its record over time.
A GIAI is suitable for assets that need their own individual record, especially where you need to track location, ownership, status, inspection, maintenance or lifecycle history.
Examples include:
- tools and equipment
- machinery or plant assets
- IT equipment
- safety equipment
- fixed or high-value assets
- assets that are owned, leased or rented and need to be managed individually
Decision point: use a GIAI when the requirement is to identify and manage a specific individual asset.
Use a GRAI for returnable assets
A GRAI is used to identify a returnable asset that moves through a supply chain or between organisations.
A GRAI is suitable where the asset record needs to support movement, return, maintenance or availability management.
Examples include:
- pallets
- crates
- roll cages
- containers
- gas cylinders
- returnable tools, equipment or transport items
Decision point: use a GRAI when the requirement is to identify a returnable asset and manage its movement, return or availability.
Quick comparison
| Identifier | Best used for | Typical examples | Use it when you ne |
|---|---|---|---|
| GIAI | Individual assets | Tools, equipment, machinery, IT equipment, safety equipment | Identify and manage one specific asset throughout its life |
| GRAI | Returnable assets | Pallets, crates, roll cages, containers, gas cylinders | Manage assets that are reused, returned or circulated |
How to decide
Use the asset management requirement to decide which identifier is appropriate.
Key questions:
Does the asset need to be identified and managed as a specific individual item? If yes, use a GIAI.
Is the asset returnable and managed through movement, return or circulation? If yes, use a GRAI.
Will the asset move between sites, teams or organisations? Select the identifier that reflects how the asset is managed.
Use the chosen identifier consistently across labels, systems and records. It can be encoded in a barcode or RFID tag to support scanning and updates during movement, inspection, maintenance, return or retirement.
Key takeaway
Use a GIAI for assets that need an individual record over time. Use a GRAI for returnable assets managed through movement, return or circulation.